Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.
Statement:
No kettle is a stove.
All stoves are lighters.
Conclusions:
I. No kettle is a lighter.
II. No lighter is a kettle.
III. Some lighters are stoves.
IV. All lighters are stoves.
- AOnly conclusion III follows
- BBoth conclusions I and II follow
- CBoth conclusions I and IV follow
- DOnly conclusion I follows
Solution & Step-by-step Explanation
Let's construct a Venn diagram based on the given statements:
"No kettle is a stove" → The Kettle circle and the Stove circle are completely disjoint (no overlap).
"All stoves are lighters" → The entire Stove circle is enclosed within the Lighters circle. Note that the Lighters circle can expand to overlap with Kettle, or stay clear of it.
Now, let's evaluate each conclusion:
Conclusion I: "No kettle is a lighter." This is not necessarily true because the Lighters circle can be drawn large enough to overlap with Kettle while still containing all stoves. Thus, it does not definitely follow.
Conclusion II: "No lighter is a kettle." For the same reason as above, this does not definitely follow.
Conclusion III: "Some lighters are stoves." Since the entire set of stoves is inside lighters, that region of lighters represents lighters that are stoves. This is definitely true.
Conclusion IV: "All lighters are stoves." This is false because there can be a region of lighters outside the stoves circle.
Therefore, only conclusion III follows.
"No kettle is a stove" → The Kettle circle and the Stove circle are completely disjoint (no overlap).
"All stoves are lighters" → The entire Stove circle is enclosed within the Lighters circle. Note that the Lighters circle can expand to overlap with Kettle, or stay clear of it.
Now, let's evaluate each conclusion:
Conclusion I: "No kettle is a lighter." This is not necessarily true because the Lighters circle can be drawn large enough to overlap with Kettle while still containing all stoves. Thus, it does not definitely follow.
Conclusion II: "No lighter is a kettle." For the same reason as above, this does not definitely follow.
Conclusion III: "Some lighters are stoves." Since the entire set of stoves is inside lighters, that region of lighters represents lighters that are stoves. This is definitely true.
Conclusion IV: "All lighters are stoves." This is false because there can be a region of lighters outside the stoves circle.
Therefore, only conclusion III follows.