Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow from the statements.
Statements:
Some Books are Pencils.
All Pencils are Sharpeners.
All Books are Bags.
Conclusions:
I. Some Bags are Sharpeners.
II. Some Sharpeners are Books.
III. Some Sharpeners are Pencils.
- AAll conclusions I, II and III follow.
- BOnly conclusions II and III follow.
- COnly conclusions I and II follow.
- DOnly conclusions I and III follow.
Solution & Step-by-step Explanation
Let's analyze the statements using Venn diagrams:
"Some Books are Pencils" means there is an intersection between the Books circle and the Pencils circle.
"All Pencils are Sharpeners" means the entire Pencils circle is inside the Sharpeners circle. Since part of Books is inside Pencils, that part of Books is now also inside Sharpeners.
"All Books are Bags" means the entire Books circle is enclosed inside the Bags circle.
Now let's evaluate each conclusion:
Conclusion I: "Some Bags are Sharpeners." Since all Books are inside Bags, and some Books are inside Sharpeners, those common elements mean Bags and Sharpeners definitely intersect. Thus, conclusion I follows.
Conclusion II: "Some Sharpeners are Books." As established, the intersection between Pencils and Books is enclosed within Sharpeners, so those items are both Sharpeners and Books. Thus, conclusion II follows.
Conclusion III: "Some Sharpeners are Pencils." Since all Pencils are inside Sharpeners, any part of the Pencil circle represents Sharpeners that are Pencils. Thus, conclusion III follows.
Therefore, all conclusions I, II, and III follow.
"Some Books are Pencils" means there is an intersection between the Books circle and the Pencils circle.
"All Pencils are Sharpeners" means the entire Pencils circle is inside the Sharpeners circle. Since part of Books is inside Pencils, that part of Books is now also inside Sharpeners.
"All Books are Bags" means the entire Books circle is enclosed inside the Bags circle.
Now let's evaluate each conclusion:
Conclusion I: "Some Bags are Sharpeners." Since all Books are inside Bags, and some Books are inside Sharpeners, those common elements mean Bags and Sharpeners definitely intersect. Thus, conclusion I follows.
Conclusion II: "Some Sharpeners are Books." As established, the intersection between Pencils and Books is enclosed within Sharpeners, so those items are both Sharpeners and Books. Thus, conclusion II follows.
Conclusion III: "Some Sharpeners are Pencils." Since all Pencils are inside Sharpeners, any part of the Pencil circle represents Sharpeners that are Pencils. Thus, conclusion III follows.
Therefore, all conclusions I, II, and III follow.