Who introduced the Ryotwari settlement in Madras?

The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by Sir Thomas Munro (along with Captain Alexander Read) in the Madras Presidency in 1820. Under this land revenue system, the agreements were made directly between the British government and the cultivators (ryots). The cultivators were recognized as the individual owners of the land with the right to sublet, sell, or mortgage it, provided they paid the stipulated revenue assessment directly to the state.