Heat and Thermodynamics Questions

A cylindrical metallic rod in thermal contact with two reservoirs of heat at its two ends conducts an amount of heat $Q$ in time $t$. The metallic rod is melted and the material is formed into a rod of half the radius of the original rod. What is the amount of heat conducted by the new rod, when placed in thermal contact with the two reservoirs in time $t$?

The total radiant energy per unit area, normal to the direction of incidence, received at a distance $R$ from the centre of a star of radius $r$, whose outer surface radiates as a black body at a temperature $T\text{ K}$ is given by:

If $\Delta U$ and $\Delta W$ represent the increase in internal energy and work done by the system respectively in a thermodynamical process, which of the following is true?